Jury Instructions

JUDGE CANNONE: Right. All right. Thank you. Jurors, I have my instructions. I'm going to give you my estimate — it's probably about an hour. I'd like to start it now, but does anybody need a short break? You can take a short break. Okay. We'll come back in five minutes.

JUDGE CANNONE: Yes, thank you. You see the — all right, jurors, thank you for serving on this jury and for being so attentive. You'll soon deliberate for the purposes of reaching a verdict in this case. But before you do that, it's my responsibility to give you instructions concerning the law. The instructions are divided into three parts: the first is general instructions that are provided in every criminal case; the second, specific instructions concerning the crimes alleged in this case; and third, guidelines for your deliberations. Please listen carefully to all of the instructions. Do not ignore any instruction or give special attention to any other instruction.

JUDGE CANNONE: To make sure that I give you the instructions accurately, I will read them to you. You will also get a written copy — I'll probably send in three or four to the jury so that you can refer to it in the jury room during your deliberations. I will try to make sure that my oral instructions match the written instructions. If there is any difference between what I say aloud and what the written instructions say, please follow what I say aloud. You must take the law as I give it to you. You may not quarrel with it. You can't do that, regardless of any opinion you may have as to what you think the law ought to be. What the lawyers or witnesses may say or suggest about the law is not necessarily the law.

JUDGE CANNONE: That's because it's my responsibility as the judge, and mine alone, to instruct you on what the law is. So I now will turn to Part One of the instructions — the general instructions that apply to all criminal cases. As I explained to you at the beginning of the trial, there is a fundamental rule that applies in all criminal cases, including this case: every person who is accused of a crime is presumed to be innocent of that crime. Ms. Read is presumed innocent of the charges in this case. That means you must consider Ms. Read to be innocent unless the prosecution has proved beyond a reasonable doubt, through evidence presented during the trial, that Ms. Read committed the crimes charged. I will explain reasonable doubt in just a moment. Ms.

JUDGE CANNONE: Read does not have to do anything to convince you that she is innocent. She does not have to explain anything. Ms. Read does not have to testify, call or question witnesses, or provide any evidence at all, because you must presume she is innocent. Instead, it is up to the Commonwealth to prove the charges against Ms. Read beyond a reasonable doubt. The burden of proof never shifts to the defendant. After you have considered all the evidence carefully and fairly, if you have a reasonable doubt about Ms. Read's guilt in a particular charge, then your verdict must be not guilty on that charge. You may find Ms. Read guilty of a charge only if all 12 deliberating jurors agree that the Commonwealth has proved the charge beyond a reasonable doubt. What is proof beyond a reasonable doubt?

JUDGE CANNONE: The term is often used and probably pretty well understood, though it is not easily defined. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not mean proof beyond all possible doubt, for everything in the lives of human beings is open to some possible or imaginary doubt. A charge is proved beyond a reasonable doubt if, after you have compared and considered all the evidence, you have in your minds an abiding conviction to a moral certainty that the charge is true. When we refer to moral certainty, we mean the highest degree of certainty possible in matters relating to human affairs, based solely on the evidence that has been put before you in this case.

JUDGE CANNONE: I have told you that every person is presumed to be innocent unless and until he or she is proved guilty, and that the burden of proof is on the Commonwealth. If you evaluate all the evidence and you still have a reasonable doubt remaining, the defendant is entitled to the benefit of that doubt and must be acquitted. It is not enough for the Commonwealth to establish a probability — even a strong probability — that the defendant is more likely to be guilty than not guilty. That is not enough. Instead, the evidence must convince you of the defendant's guilt to a reasonable and moral certainty — a certainty that convinces your understanding and satisfies your reason and judgment as jurors who were sworn to act conscientiously on the evidence.

JUDGE CANNONE: This is what we mean by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, how do you decide whether the Commonwealth has proven each element of an indictment is true beyond a reasonable doubt? Let's talk first about the roles we all have. You folks are the most important people in the court. It all begins and ends with your function. You will determine the facts in this case, and that is your job and your job alone. You are the sole and exclusive judges of the facts. If there are any conflicts in the testimony, it is your job to resolve those conflicts if you can do so. Once you determine the facts, it is your duty to apply those facts to the law as I explain it to you, and to determine whether the Commonwealth has proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt.

JUDGE CANNONE: You must determine the facts solely and entirely on the evidence as you have heard it and seen it in this courtroom, and on nothing else. No prejudice, no bias, no fear, no favor. You must not be swayed by personal likes or dislikes. Your deliberations are no place for emotion or sympathy, passion or prejudice. The Commonwealth and Karen Read have a right to have the case judged by fair and impartial jurors. All parties who come before the court stand as equals before you. Therefore your verdicts must be based on the law as I've given it to you and on the evidence and the facts that you find and nothing else.

JUDGE CANNONE: You cannot allow yourselves to be influenced by any personal feelings you may have about the nature of the crimes with which Miss Read has been charged or the consequences of your verdict — just the cool, reflective and impartial sifting of the evidence, so that here in this courtroom justice may be done. Now your focus is on the evidence. I am the judge of the law. My job is to teach you the law that you must follow in this case. However, I have no opinion about how you decide this case. You should not consider anything I have said or done during the trial as reflecting any opinion by me about how you should decide this case. If you believe that I have an opinion about the facts of this case, you must disregard it. You must decide this case based solely on the evaluation of the evidence.

JUDGE CANNONE: Now the arguments of the lawyers are not evidence — they are not witnesses. If a lawyer during argument made a mistake in summarizing the evidence or argued something not supported by the evidence, you must disregard it. It is the jury's collective memory of the evidence that controls the matter. Lawyers' objections are a proper part of the court's procedure and are not part of the evidence, so don't hold it against the lawyers or their client if they made objections, motions or other requests — they are simply doing their job. During the trial there was testimony that the lawyers interviewed witnesses when preparing for and during the course of the trial. You may not draw any unfavorable inferences solely from that fact. There is nothing improper about conducting such interviews.

JUDGE CANNONE: On the contrary, the lawyers are obliged to prepare their case as thoroughly as possible and may interview witnesses. Now the verdict must be based only on the evidence and the jury's collective reasoning applied to the evidence in a fair and impartial manner. The extent to which you believe or disbelieve a witness, or what an exhibit purports to show, the importance to give any testimony or other evidence — is entirely up to your own good judgment. The evidence consists of the testimony of the witnesses and the exhibits in the case. There are some things you have heard about that have not been introduced into evidence, such as written statements by witnesses, police reports, autopsy and accident reconstruction reports.

JUDGE CANNONE: Occasionally during the trial you have heard references to such documents and you may naturally wonder why neither side introduced any of them into evidence. The answer is that under our Rules of Evidence such reports usually may not be admitted, although the parties may refer to them for certain limited purposes while questioning witnesses. So you should not hold it against any party that you do not have them, and neither should you speculate on what they may or may not contain. Similarly, as you view exhibits you may find that some information has been removed because it is not relevant. Please ignore that and don't try to guess what may have been removed or why. Any information that you may have read, heard or seen about this case outside of the courtroom is not evidence.

JUDGE CANNONE: My instructions to you and any other comments I made, the lawyers' opening and closing statements and any comments they may have made, are not evidence. Answers that I struck from the record and told you to disregard are not evidence. Only the testimony of the witnesses — that is, their answers to questions — and the exhibits are evidence. It is important to remind you folks that the verdict cannot be based on emotional reaction or sympathy for any person or side of this case. Certain of the testimony and exhibits may have provoked an emotional reaction in all of us. You may feel sympathy for the family of Mr. O'Keefe, and you may feel sympathy for the defendant as she sits here in this courtroom.

JUDGE CANNONE: But your job is to decide the case without bias, fear, sympathy or favor — to view the evidence with a certain clinical detachment and to decide the case based solely on the evidence and the application of the law to that evidence. I have allowed you to take notes during the trial and you may refer to those notes during your deliberations. But remember they are not evidence or a substitute for the evidence and your recollection — they are for your personal use. Please do not share them with other jurors. Consider the evidence as a whole. Do not make up your mind about what the verdict should be until after you've gone to the jury room to decide the case and you and your fellow jurors have discussed the evidence. Please keep an open mind until then.

JUDGE CANNONE: You'll remember that we took a view in this case. The purpose of the view was to help you better understand the evidence that you heard during the trial and to help you appreciate the locations and their surroundings. Your responsibility in the view was to see the places, observe them carefully and remember what you saw. The view is part of this case. You may use and consider the observations that you made while on the view in your deliberations in reaching a verdict. The same is true about the demonstration we saw from the witness stand. The demonstration was done simply to help you understand the evidence and you may consider it in your deliberations. It is the jury's job to earnestly seek the truth of the matter.

JUDGE CANNONE: In doing that, the jury must decide questions of credibility and reliability. The jury must decide how truthful or reliable or convincing any part of the evidence is. In deciding questions of credibility and reliability you may rely on your common sense and reasoning powers and your life experiences. Consider a witness's testimony in the context of all the other evidence, not in isolation. You may consider the demeanor, candor and appearance of the witness in testifying. Who was the witness? What relationship did they have to the case or to the other witnesses or the parties? Did the witness have any bias, reason or motive to give false or shaded testimony?

JUDGE CANNONE: If so, you may consider that bias or motive in your deliberations and ultimately as to whether or not it impacts the credibility of the witness and the assessment of the evidence presented. Is the witness someone likely to give an honest and impartial account? Consider not just whether the witness was honest, but also whether the witness's testimony was accurate and reliable, or honestly mistaken. A prior statement by a witness, if inconsistent with his or her trial testimony in any way, may be considered on the witness's credibility and reliability and only for that purpose. Now you've heard some evidence suggesting that the Commonwealth did not conduct certain scientific tests or otherwise follow standard procedure during the police investigation.

JUDGE CANNONE: This is a factor you may consider in evaluating the evidence presented in this case. With respect to this factor you should consider three questions: first, whether the omitted test or other actions were standard procedure or steps that would otherwise normally be taken under the circumstances; second, whether the omitted test or actions could reasonably have been expected to lead to significant evidence of the defendant's guilt or innocence; and third, whether the evidence provides a reasonable and adequate explanation for the omission of the test or other actions.

JUDGE CANNONE: If you find that any omissions in the investigation were significant and not adequately explained, you may consider whether the omissions tend to affect the quality, reliability or credibility of the evidence presented by the Commonwealth. All of these considerations involve factual determinations that are entirely up to you, and you are free to give this matter whatever weight, if any, you deem appropriate based on all the circumstances. Now during the trial I gave you some limiting instructions on how you were to consider some of the evidence you heard and importantly how you are not to consider the evidence. I am going to summarize those limiting instructions here. Miss Read is not charged with committing any crime other than the charges contained in the indictments.

JUDGE CANNONE: You have heard evidence about interactions that Miss Read had with Mr. O'Keefe and other witnesses in Aruba. The evidence was admitted solely for your consideration as evidence of the nature of the defendant's relationship with Mr. O'Keefe and whether it goes to her knowledge or intent or motive on January 29th, 2022. You may not consider that evidence as proof that she has a criminal personality or bad character. You may not take the defendant's prior acts as a substitute for proof that the defendant committed the crimes charged here, or to conclude that if she committed the acts in Aruba she must also have committed the offenses with which she is charged here.

JUDGE CANNONE: You can only use the evidence for the limited purpose of how it goes to the defendant's state of mind, motive and nature of her relationship with John O'Keefe. Before you consider any electronic communication in your deliberations, you must first find that it is more likely true than not that the persons who authored them were in fact John O'Keefe, the defendant, or the witnesses who testified about their communication with John O'Keefe and/or the defendant. If you do not find it is more likely true than not that John O'Keefe, Karen Read, or the witnesses who testified here before you were the persons who authored or transmitted the electronic communications, then you may not consider the electronic communications in deciding the case.

JUDGE CANNONE: Now, the Commonwealth has introduced photographs into evidence. The photographs may be graphic and unpleasant. As I told you when you first saw them, your verdict must not in any way be influenced by the fact that these photographs may be graphic or unpleasant. The defendant is entitled to a verdict based solely on the evidence and not one based on pity or sympathy. Consider a photograph only as it may show a medical condition, the nature of the injuries, or the details of the incident itself. You've heard evidence of statements made by John O'Keefe. These statements were admitted only for the limited purpose of establishing John O'Keefe's state of mind. You were not to consider this testimony as proof that the defendant has bad character or propensity to commit crimes.

JUDGE CANNONE: The testimony of witnesses recounting conversations with Mr. O'Keefe, or messages the defendant's cell phone received from him, can only be used as they go to the defendant's motive or intent on January 29th, and only if you find that the defendant was aware of John O'Keefe's state of mind at the time of the crime and would be likely to respond to it. There need not be direct evidence that the defendant learned of Mr. O'Keefe's state of mind, so long as you reasonably can infer from the evidence that she did learn of it. You've also heard testimony about statements allegedly made by Miss Read. Before you may consider any such statement, you are going to have to make a preliminary determination whether it can be considered as evidence or not and for what purpose it may be used.

JUDGE CANNONE: You may not consider any such statement in your deliberations for the truth of any such statement unless, from all the evidence in the case, the Commonwealth has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant made the statement that she is alleged to have made, and that she made it voluntarily, freely, and rationally. In determining whether or not any statement made by the defendant was voluntary, you may consider all of the surrounding circumstances. You may consider any evidence that you have heard about the defendant's physical and mental condition, her intelligence, age, education, and experience. Your decision does not turn on any one factor. You must consider the totality of the circumstances. Some testimony came from witnesses who saw or heard something.

JUDGE CANNONE: Some witnesses also told you about opinions or conclusions they reached based on some special training or experience. But special training or experience does not necessarily make the witness's testimony any more believable or important than any other evidence. So you should consider the same questions about witness testimony that I mentioned earlier, including any bias or motive these opinion witnesses may have had to testify in a certain way. You may also consider the witness's level of experience and training and whether they base their opinions on the facts that you find to be true. There were hypothetical questions asked of some of these witnesses.

JUDGE CANNONE: You may give whatever weight you deem appropriate to the opinion based on the hypothetical, but only if, after careful consideration, you find that all the assumed facts are true. Remember that witnesses — even those with special training or experience — do not decide cases; juries do. It is up to you whether to accept or reject, in whole or in part, any opinion or conclusion that a witness offered during the trial. Now, you have the same powers with respect to the exhibits that you have with the testimony of the witnesses. Look them over and decide the weight — that is, the value — they deserve to receive in helping you resolve the case.

JUDGE CANNONE: As you make your ultimate judgment about whether the Commonwealth has proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt, you do not have to believe something simply because it is written on a piece of paper or appears in a photograph. You are not, of course, required to disbelieve it because it appears there. You decide whether to believe what the exhibit purports to show, and how much weight, if any, you give each exhibit. Now, you've heard me talk about the sources of evidence in this case. Those are the tools that we have to decide the case. Now, with the evidence in mind, what can you do with it as jurors? You may bring to bear all your knowledge and experience. You don't check your common sense at the door to the jury room — just the reverse. I instruct you to use your common sense.

JUDGE CANNONE: Give the evidence a reasonable and fair construction in the light of your common knowledge and experience. In determining the facts in this case, you may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence that you believe, because you are entitled to rely upon both direct and indirect, or circumstantial, evidence. Direct evidence is evidence of what a witness claims to have seen, or heard, or touched, or somehow perceived with their own senses. Circumstantial evidence exists where a witness does not testify directly to the fact that is sought to be proven, but you are provided with evidence of other facts and then asked to draw reasonable inferences from them about the fact that is sought to be proved. Such inferences may be considered with all of the other evidence in reaching your verdict.

JUDGE CANNONE: Circumstantial evidence is competent to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, what do I mean by an inference? An inference is a logical deduction or conclusion that you may — but are not required to — draw from evidence that you have accepted as believable. Inferences are little steps in reasoning — steps in which you take some known information, apply your experience in life to it, and then draw a conclusion. Sometimes you can draw more than one inference. You have to decide which inferences are reasonable and decide which seems more reasonable to you. Remember, when you are dealing with inferences, you never have to infer anything. You may, but do not have to, draw any inferences whatsoever.

JUDGE CANNONE: An inference drawn from circumstantial evidence need not be necessary or inescapable, but any inference which you do draw must be reasonable and possible. It must be logical. It must be a natural one, which is not too remote in the ordinary course of events. You may not guess. You may not speculate. You may not engage in surmise. You should not pile inference upon inference until the pile gets so high that it tips over logically, or the chain gets so weak that it doesn't hold together anymore. When you run through your inferences, check the starting point and the ending point to make sure that they're still reasonable. Further, when the evidence tends equally to give rise to either of two inconsistent propositions, the Commonwealth has established neither proposition.

JUDGE CANNONE: In order to convict the defendant, you must find that all the evidence and the reasonable inferences that you have drawn, taken together, prove that she is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Let me give you an example of an inference. Suppose that the issue you must decide is whether the U.S. Postal Service delivered the mail today. If you go home and someone in your household — a child, roommate, or spouse — hands you the mail and states that he or she observed the letter carrier deliver the mail and retrieved it from the mailbox, this would be direct evidence that the U.S. Postal Service delivered the mail. The witness perceived the event with his or her own senses and told you what he or she observed. The issue you would have to decide is whether the witness is credible.

JUDGE CANNONE: On the other hand, if you go home from court and find mail in the mailbox, you may infer that it was delivered by the U.S. Postal Service today. You draw this reasonable inference based on the following known facts: the mailbox was emptied yesterday; you know that the mail is delivered by the U.S. Postal Service Monday through Saturday; the letters in the box are postmarked. You have exactly the same power in this case — not the power to speculate or to guess, but the power to draw reasonable inferences warranted by the evidence in the fashion I have just described. You may have noticed that the defendant did not testify at this trial. The defendant has an absolute right not to testify.

JUDGE CANNONE: Since the entire burden of proof in this case is on the Commonwealth to prove that the defendant is guilty, it is not up to the defendant to prove that she is innocent. The fact that the defendant did not testify has nothing to do with the question of whether she is guilty or not guilty. You were not to draw any adverse inference against the defendant because she did not testify. You are not to consider it in any way or even discuss it in your deliberations. You must determine whether the Commonwealth has proved its case against the defendant based solely on the testimony of the witnesses and the exhibits. All right. That completes my first part of the instructions. Now I'm going to turn to the elements of the charges against Miss Read.

JUDGE CANNONE: The Commonwealth has alleged that on January 29th, 2022, Miss Read did assault and beat John O'Keefe with the intent to murder him, and by such assault and battery did kill and murder John O'Keefe. Miss Read is charged with second degree murder. In order to prove murder in the second degree, the Commonwealth must prove the following elements. First, the defendant caused the death of John O'Keefe. Two, the defendant intended to kill John O'Keefe or intended to cause grievous bodily harm to John O'Keefe or intended to do an act which in the circumstances known to the defendant a reasonable person would have known created a plain and strong likelihood the death would result. I will now discuss each of these requirements in more detail.

JUDGE CANNONE: The first element is that the defendant caused the death of John O'Keefe. A defendant's act is the cause of death where the act is a natural and continuous sequence results in death and without which death would not have occurred. The second element is that the defendant intended to kill John O'Keefe or intended to cause grievous bodily harm to John O'Keefe or intended to do an act which in the circumstances known to the defendant a reasonable person would have known created a plain and strong likelihood that death would result. As you can see the second element has three subparts, which I will call prongs, and the Commonwealth satisfies its burden of proof if it proves any one of the three prongs beyond a reasonable doubt.

JUDGE CANNONE: The first prong is that the defendant intended to kill John O'Keefe. This means that the defendant consciously and purposefully intended to cause John O'Keefe's death. The second prong is that the defendant intended to cause grievous bodily harm to John O'Keefe. Grievous bodily harm means severe injury to the body. The third prong is that the defendant intended to do an act which in the circumstances known to the defendant a reasonable person would have known created a plain and strong likelihood that death would result. Let me help you understand how to analyze this third prong. You must first determine whether the defendant intended to perform the act that caused the victim's death.

JUDGE CANNONE: If you find that she intended to perform the act, you must then determine what the defendant herself actually knew about the relevant circumstances at the time she acted. Then you must determine whether under the circumstances known to the defendant a reasonable person would have known that the act intended by the defendant created a plain and strong likelihood that death would result. If you have a reasonable doubt as to whether Mr.

JUDGE CANNONE: O'Keefe's death was accidental because — I'm sorry — because the death was caused by a negligent, careless, or mistaken act of the defendant or resulted from a cause separate from the defendant's conduct, you may not find that the Commonwealth has proved that the defendant intended to kill, intended to cause grievous bodily harm, or intended to do an act which in the circumstances known to the defendant a reasonable person would have known created a plain and strong likelihood that death would result.

JUDGE CANNONE: In deciding whether the defendant intended to kill, intended to cause grievous bodily harm, or intended to do an act which in the circumstances known to the defendant a reasonable person would have known created a plain and strong likelihood that death would result, you may consider any credible evidence that the defendant was affected by her consumption of alcohol. If the Commonwealth has proven both elements beyond a reasonable doubt, you should return a verdict of guilty. If the Commonwealth has failed to prove one or more of those elements beyond a reasonable doubt, you must return a verdict of not guilty. The next is manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor.

JUDGE CANNONE: In order to prove manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle, the Commonwealth must prove the following five elements: first, that the defendant operated a motor vehicle; second, that she operated the motor vehicle upon a public way or in a place in which the public has a right of access; third, that while the defendant was operating the motor vehicle she was under the influence of intoxicating liquor and/or the percent of alcohol in the defendant's blood was 0.08 or greater — you'll have both these choices on the verdict slip; fourth, that the defendant operated the vehicle wantonly or recklessly so as to create a high degree of likelihood that substantial harm will result to another; and fifth, that by such operation of the motor vehicle the defendant caused the death of John O'Keefe.

JUDGE CANNONE: So to prove the first element, the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was operating a motor vehicle. A person operates a motor vehicle while doing all of the well-known things that drivers do as they travel on a street or highway, and also when doing any act which directly tends to set the vehicle in motion. A person is operating a motor vehicle whenever they are in the vehicle and intentionally manipulate some mechanical or electrical part of the vehicle, like the gear shift or the ignition, which alone or in sequence will set the vehicle in motion. To prove the second element, the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant operated a motor vehicle in a public way.

JUDGE CANNONE: Any street or highway that is open to the public and is controlled and maintained by some level of government is a public way. This would include, for example, interstate and state highways as well as municipal streets and roads. In determining whether any particular street or road is a public way, you may consider evidence, if any, about whether it has some of the usual indications of a public way — for example, whether it is paved, whether it has street lights, street signs, curbing, and fire hydrants, whether there are buildings along the street, whether it has any crossroads intersecting it, and whether it is publicly maintained.

JUDGE CANNONE: To prove the third element, the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that while operating a motor vehicle the defendant was under the influence of intoxicating liquor, that is, alcohol, and/or the percent of alcohol in the defendant's blood was 0.08 or greater. I will now instruct you on both theories. What does it mean to be under the influence of alcohol? It is not illegal to drive after consuming alcohol as long as the operator is not under the influence of alcohol. However, neither does someone have to be drunk to be under the influence of alcohol.

JUDGE CANNONE: A person is under the influence of alcohol if they've consumed enough alcohol to reduce their ability to operate a motor vehicle safely by decreasing their judgment, alertness, and ability to respond promptly and effectively to unexpected emergencies. The amount of alcohol necessary to do this may vary from person to person. The Commonwealth is not required to prove that the defendant actually drove in an unsafe or erratic manner, but it is required to prove that their ability to drive safely was diminished by alcohol. You may rely on your experience and common sense about the effects of alcohol.

JUDGE CANNONE: You should consider any believable evidence about the defendant's alleged consumption of alcohol as well as the defendant's appearance, condition, and behavior in deciding this first theory of whether the defendant operated a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol. You may also consider whether a blood test showed that the defendant had consumed any alcohol. However, no matter what the reading is, the blood test is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol. Now, under the second theory — and again, both will be on the verdict slip and you should decide each one — the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that at the time of operation the percent of alcohol in the defendant's blood was 0.08 or greater.

JUDGE CANNONE: The Commonwealth may prove a person's blood alcohol level by a chemical test or analysis of their breath or blood. In deciding whether the Commonwealth has proved the defendant's blood alcohol level beyond a reasonable doubt, you may consider evidence, if any, about whether the test was administered within a reasonable time of operation of the motor vehicle, whether the person who administered the test was properly certified, whether and how the pre-test procedures were followed and employed, whether the testing device was working properly at the time the test was administered, and whether the test was administered properly. You may also consider any other evidence pertaining to the test. Mr.

JUDGE CANNONE: Court Officer, I know it's traditional to not allow anybody in and out of the courtroom while I'm charging, so I'm going to ask you to follow that at this point. Thank you. It's distracting and I don't want it to be distracting for you folks. Okay. The fourth element that the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt is that the defendant operated the vehicle wantonly or recklessly. A person drives recklessly when they ignore the fact that their manner of driving is very likely to result in death or serious injury to someone, or they are indifferent to whether someone is killed or seriously injured. It is not enough for the Commonwealth to prove that the defendant acted negligently — that is, acted in a way that a reasonably careful person would not.

JUDGE CANNONE: It must be shown that the defendant's actions went beyond mere negligence and amounted to recklessness. The defendant was reckless if she knew or should have known that such actions would pose a grave danger of death or serious injury to others but chose nevertheless to run the risk and go ahead. Whenever I refer to the defendant's state of mind or her intent, you may consider any credible evidence that the defendant was affected by her consumption of alcohol. A defendant may have the requisite state of mind or intent even if she consumed alcohol, but you may consider such evidence in determining whether the Commonwealth has proved the element here.

JUDGE CANNONE: The defendant must have intended her acts in the sense that they were not accidental, but it is not necessary that the defendant intended or foresaw the consequences of those acts, as long as a reasonable person would know that they were so dangerous that death or serious injury would probably result. As such, the Commonwealth does not need to prove that the defendant intended to kill John O'Keefe. Rather, this is in the category of cases where public safety requires each driver, once they know what the situation is, to determine and to adhere to an objective standard of behavior.

JUDGE CANNONE: In determining whether the defendant drove recklessly, you should take into account all the facts of the situation: the defendant's rate of speed and manner of operation; the defendant's physical condition and how well the defendant could see and could control the vehicle; the condition of the defendant's vehicle; what kind of road it was and who else was on the road; what was the time of day; the weather and the condition on the road; and what any other vehicles or pedestrians were doing; and any other factors, including the defendant's consumption of alcohol, that you think are relevant. The fifth element that the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt is that the defendant by her actions caused the death of John O'Keefe.

JUDGE CANNONE: The defendant caused the death if her actions directly and substantially set in motion the entire chain of events that produce the death. A defendant's act is the cause of death where the act in a natural and continuous sequence results in death, and without which death would not have occurred. If the Commonwealth has proven all five elements beyond a reasonable doubt, you shall return a verdict of guilty. If the Commonwealth has failed to prove one or more of these elements beyond a reasonable doubt, you must return a verdict of not guilty. Now, the lesser offense of manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor includes the lesser offense of involuntary manslaughter.

JUDGE CANNONE: As a matter of law, the indictment that is before you, which charges the defendant with manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor, also charges her with the lesser included offense. The Commonwealth may prove the lesser included charge of involuntary manslaughter even if it fails to prove the greater charge of manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor. So I will define involuntary manslaughter.

JUDGE CANNONE: To prove that the defendant is guilty of involuntary manslaughter because of wanton or reckless conduct, the Commonwealth must prove the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: first, that the defendant caused John O'Keefe's death; second, that the defendant intended the conduct that caused John O'Keefe's death; third, that the defendant's conduct was wanton or reckless. I will now discuss each element in more detail. The first element is that the defendant caused the death of John O'Keefe. Remember, Ms. Read caused John O'Keefe's death if her actions directly and substantially set in motion the entire chain of events that produce the death.

JUDGE CANNONE: A defendant's act is the cause of death where the act in a natural and continuous sequence results in death, and without which death would not have occurred. The second element is that the defendant intended the conduct that caused the death. The Commonwealth is not required to prove the defendant intended to cause the death. You may consider any credible evidence that the defendant was affected by her consumption of alcohol. The third element is that the defendant's conduct was wanton or reckless. Wanton or reckless conduct is conduct that creates a high degree of likelihood that substantial harm will result to another. It is conduct involving a grave risk of harm to another that a person undertakes with indifference or with disregard of the consequences of such conduct.

JUDGE CANNONE: Whether conduct is wanton or reckless depends either on what the defendant knew or how a reasonable person would have acted knowing what the defendant knew. If the defendant realized the grave risk created by her conduct, her subsequent act amounts to wanton or reckless conduct, whether or not a reasonable person would have realized the risk of grave danger. Even if the defendant herself did not realize the grave risk of harm to another, the act would constitute wanton or reckless conduct if a reasonable person knowing what the defendant knew would have realized the act posed a risk of grave danger to another. It is not enough for the Commonwealth to prove the defendant acted negligently, that is, in a manner that a reasonably careful person would not have acted.

JUDGE CANNONE: The Commonwealth must prove that the defendant's actions went beyond negligence and amounted to wanton or reckless conduct as I have defined them. In deciding whether the defendant knew or should have known her conduct created a high degree of likelihood that substantial harm would result to another, you may consider credible evidence that the defendant was affected by her consumption of alcohol. A defendant may have the requisite knowledge even if she consumed alcohol, but you may consider such evidence in determining whether the Commonwealth has proved this element. Now, the offense of manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor also includes the lesser offense of motor vehicle homicide, felony OUI liquor, and negligence.

JUDGE CANNONE: As a matter of law, the indictment that is before you, which charges the defendant with manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor, also charges her with the lesser included offense. The Commonwealth may prove the lesser included charge of motor vehicle homicide even if it fails to prove the greater charge of manslaughter while operating a motor vehicle under the influence of liquor. You may find the defendant guilty of motor vehicle homicide only if you are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of manslaughter, and you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of motor vehicle homicide. So I will define that for you now.

JUDGE CANNONE: In order to prove the defendant guilty of motor vehicle homicide, the Commonwealth must prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: first, that the defendant operated a motor vehicle; second, that she operated the motor vehicle upon a public way or in a place in which the public has a right of access; third, that while the defendant was operating the motor vehicle she was under the influence of intoxicating liquor and/or the percent of alcohol in the defendant's blood was 0.08 or greater; fourth, that while operating a motor vehicle the defendant did so in a negligent manner so that the lives or safety of the public might be endangered; fifth, that by such operation of the motor vehicle the defendant caused the death of John O'Keefe.

JUDGE CANNONE: Elements 1, 2, 3, and 5 are the same as manslaughter while under the influence of alcohol as I've previously instructed you just moments ago. The difference between manslaughter while operating under the influence and motor vehicle homicide is the fourth element. To prove the fourth element of motor vehicle homicide, the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant drove negligently in a manner that might have endangered the lives or safety of other people. A person acts negligently when she fails to use due care, that is, when they act in a way that a reasonable person would not act. This can happen either by doing something that a reasonable person would not do under the circumstances, or by failing to do something that a reasonable person would do.

JUDGE CANNONE: The defendant acted negligently if she drove in a way that a reasonable person would not have, and by doing so created an unnecessary danger to other people — a danger that she could have avoided by driving more carefully. The defendant's intent does not matter, so do not consider it in determining whether or not the defendant was negligent. There is no requirement that the Commonwealth show that the defendant intended to act negligently or unlawfully. Under our laws, public safety requires each driver to determine and to adhere to an objective standard of reasonable behavior. Therefore, what the defendant may or may not have intended to result from her actions is irrelevant. The issue is whether or not she drove as a reasonable person would have under the circumstances.

JUDGE CANNONE: In determining whether the defendant drove negligently in a manner that might have endangered the lives or safety of other people, you should take into account evidence, if any, about the defendant's rate of speed and manner of operation; the defendant's physical condition and how well she could see and control her vehicle; the condition of the defendant's vehicle; the kind of road it was and who else was on the road; the time of day; the weather and the road conditions; what any other vehicles or pedestrians were doing; and any other factors, including the defendant's consumption of alcohol, that you think are relevant. The next indictment is leaving the scene of an accident resulting in death.

JUDGE CANNONE: In order to prove the defendant guilty of leaving the scene of an accident resulting in death, the Commonwealth must prove six things beyond a reasonable doubt: first, that the defendant operated a motor vehicle; second, that she operated on a public way or in a place in which the public has a right of access; third, that the defendant knowingly collided with John O'Keefe, fourth that the collision caused injury to John O'Keefe resulting in his death, and fifth that after causing such injury the defendant failed to stop and provide name, home address and registration number of the motor vehicle, and six that the defendant failed to do so for the purpose of avoiding prosecution or apprehension. Jurors, I've already instructed you on the first and second elements.

JUDGE CANNONE: The other four elements should be given their plain meaning and the parties agree that I do not need to define them any further, to save a little time for you. As a general rule, you are permitted but not required to infer that a person who intentionally uses a dangerous weapon on another person intends to kill that person or cause him grievous bodily harm, or intends to do an act which in the circumstances known to him a reasonable person would know creates a plain and strong likelihood that death would result. An item that is normally used for innocent purposes can become a dangerous weapon if it is used in a dangerous or potentially dangerous fashion.

JUDGE CANNONE: The law considers an item — in this case a motor vehicle — to be used in a dangerous fashion if it is used in a way that it reasonably appears to be capable of causing serious injury or death to another person. In deciding whether an item was used as a dangerous weapon, you may consider the circumstances surrounding the alleged crime, the nature, size and shape of the item, and the manner in which it was handled or controlled. Now, that completes the second part of my instructions. I will now turn to the final instructions. In order for a jury to return a verdict — that is, to reach a decision in a criminal case — the law provides that there may only be 12 persons on the deliberating jury, and you will know that there are still 14 of you.

JUDGE CANNONE: To avoid the need for a new trial if one or more jurors becomes ill or has to be excused for some good reason, we customarily impanel extra jurors at the beginning of a trial, as we did in this case. However, when you begin your deliberations, the law of Massachusetts is that there can only be 12 jurors. Therefore, at the conclusion of my instruction, the clerk will reduce your number to 12 on a random basis. The jurors not selected to serve on the jury will become the alternate jurors. If you are selected as an alternate juror, please do not feel that your efforts in this case have been wasted because, as I've indicated, it is important that we have extra jurors in case of emergency.

JUDGE CANNONE: If we did not impanel extra jurors and a juror became ill or for some other reason had to be excused, we would have to try the case all over again with a new jury. In the event that a juror has to be excused once the jury starts deliberating, then an alternate juror will be chosen to take that juror's position and the jury will be required to start their deliberations all over again from the very beginning. Therefore, it is important that the alternates not discuss the case with anyone, including each other, for if an alternate becomes a member of the jury for deliberations, the alternate's views should be his or her own and not influenced by anyone else. Now, different states and jurisdictions use different means to select a foreperson of the jury.

JUDGE CANNONE: In some jurisdictions the jurors select their own foreperson. In Massachusetts the judge is responsible for selecting a foreperson. A foreperson of a jury has been described as the first among equals. He or she is responsible for organizing the deliberations, communicating with the court if necessary during deliberations, and presenting the verdict following your deliberations. The foreperson has no greater say or vote in the jury's deliberations — in that sense is exactly equal with all the jurors. I am going to ask juror in seat number one, juror number 400 — would you be our foreperson, please, sir? Thank you.

JUDGE CANNONE: When you return to the jury room to deliberate, the court officers will deliver to you all of the exhibits in this case as well as the verdict slips that you will use in returning your verdict. Your foreperson will be given a verdict slip setting forth the charges against the defendant. 12 jurors must agree before you have a decision as to any charge. That means that to find the defendant guilty, all 12 must agree; to find the defendant not guilty, all 12 must agree. You should continue deliberating until you have reached a final verdict on each charge. You should not begin deliberating until all 12 jurors are together in the jury room and should cease deliberating if any one juror is not present in the jury room.

JUDGE CANNONE: All right, so Mr. Clerk, will you choose the alternates please.

JUDGE CANNONE: It is important that you not communicate with anyone outside the jury room about the deliberations or about anything concerning this case. Further, I instruct you that no juror is better qualified to determine the truth of the facts in dispute or to deliberate on a verdict solely because of education, background or experience. The parties and I have chosen each of you as fair and impartial jurors and your voices have equal weight. To reach a unanimous verdict, each juror must agree. Jurors have a duty to consult with one another and to deliberate with a view to reaching an agreement if it can be done without violence to individual judgment.

JUDGE CANNONE: At the same time, each juror must decide the case for himself or herself, but only after impartially considering the evidence with his or her fellow jurors. Don't hesitate to reexamine your views and change your opinion if convinced it is wrong, but no juror should surrender an honest conviction to the opinion of fellow jurors simply for the purpose of returning a verdict. Although how you conduct your deliberations is up to you, I urge you not to begin conducting an immediate straw vote. Rather, I encourage you not to take any votes until you have completed a careful and thorough collective view of all the evidence. At this point I want to remind you of an important issue that I raised with you at the beginning of this trial.

JUDGE CANNONE: I told you that our system of justice depends on judges like me and jurors like you being able and willing to make careful and fair decisions. All people deserve fair and equal treatment in our system of justice regardless of their race, national origin, religion, age, ability, gender, sexual orientation, education, income level, or any other personal characteristic. I also pointed out that we all have our own built-in expectations and assumptions, even if we are not consciously aware of them, and I talked about some of the ways we can try to deal with them. First: slow down. Do not rush to a decision. Hasty decisions are the most likely to reflect stereotypes or hidden biases. Take time to consider all the evidence.

JUDGE CANNONE: Second: as you start to draw conclusions, consider what evidence, if any, supports the conclusions you are drawing, and whether any evidence casts doubt on those conclusions. Double-check whether you are actually using unsupported assumptions instead of the evidence. Third: as you think about the people involved in this case, consider them as individuals rather than as members of a particular group. Fourth: ask yourself, would I view the evidence differently if the people were from different groups, such as different racial, ethnic, or gender identity groups? Fifth: listen to your fellow jurors. They may have different points of view. If so, they may help you determine whether you are focusing on the facts or making assumptions, perhaps based on stereotypes.

JUDGE CANNONE: Of course, your fellow jurors could be influenced by their own unstated assumptions, so don't be shy or hesitate to speak up. You should participate actively, particularly if you think the other jurors are overlooking or undervaluing evidence you find important. In fact, when you explain your thoughts out loud to other jurors, you are also helping yourself to focus on the evidence instead of assumptions. If you use these strategies, then you will do your part to reach a decision that is as fair as humanly possible. That is your responsibility as jurors. Now, during the course of your deliberations you might have a question concerning the law in this case. I'm not suggesting that you will, but you might. Perhaps I said something you did not understand.

JUDGE CANNONE: If you have any questions, please feel free to bring them to my attention by writing a note, dated and signed by the foreperson, and sending it to me by way of the court officer. Because your role as the jury is to determine the facts of the case, I cannot answer any questions you have concerning the facts of the case. I have no role in this case when it comes to deciding what the facts are. Neither is it possible to provide you with a transcript of the testimony, even though we've had a phenomenal court reporter throughout this whole trial. If you send a question to me, I will respond after consulting with the lawyers. Please do not ask a court officer or anyone else to answer any questions concerning anything material to the case.

JUDGE CANNONE: We will not answer a question or take a verdict between one and two. You'll have lunch brought in to you, and decide whether you want to stop your deliberations during lunch or deliberate. At the end of the day, if you're still deliberating, I'll send in a note asking if you want to continue deliberating or break for the day and return tomorrow morning. Don't tell anyone, including me, how the jury stands numerically or otherwise on the questions before such time as you have reached a unanimous verdict. You are going to notice shortly that the court officers are going to take an oath, and you will hear from that that they too as well as all other persons are forbidden to communicate in any way or manner with any member of this jury on any subject touching on the merits of this case.

JUDGE CANNONE: Remember that the decision of the jury must be unanimous. The foreperson should be certain that each member of the jury is in complete agreement with the verdict. After the final vote of the jury, the foreperson should check the appropriate boxes as to each charge, then sign and date the verdict slips and notify the court officer that you have reached a unanimous verdict. You will then be brought back into the courtroom where the foreperson will deliver the verdicts to the court. I'm going to see counsel before we reduce your number to 12.